The Rare Earth Elements –REE- encompass a set of 15 Lanthanides plus the Scandium and the Yttrium, These metals are chemically very similar, with 4f orbital inducing highly remarkable properties.
They have become strategic components, quite sought within the booming High Technology sectors and also permanent magnets for the rotating machines (Wind mills – EV…)
They are not so « rare « and rather found sparse on earth at similar concentrations as transition metals: 5 to 70 ppm – Only a few mines, therefore, have been successfully developpped with 3 to 6% ratios.
The mining and complex refining processes are not very friendly, as alot of toxic and radioactive by-products are generate with significative environmental drawbacks, which drive mining to countries with looser regulations…
PR China has presently acquired a monopole position, by controlling globally 60% of the mining, 90% of the refining, 95% of the magnet production. In October 2025 China announced major REE export controls, posing significant risks to global economic security. Europe is importing nearly 100% of its needs !
That unusual situation has induced alternative schemes in a few countries : USA, Australia, EU / France, Malaysia… with new mining, refining projects and recycling solutions. The challenge, however, stays complex…